Engineering Explained

Diesel cycle The diesel cycle is a compression ignition (rather than spark ignition) engine. Fuel is sprayed into the cylinder at P2 (high pressure) when the compression is complete, and there is ignition without a spark. 1. Isentropic compression (1 à 2). 2. Reversible constant pressure heating (2 à 3). 3. Isentropic expansion (3 à 4). 4. Reversible constant volume cooling (4 à 1). ‘ This cycle can operate with a higher compression ratio than the Otto cycle because only air is compressed and there is no risk of auto-ignition of the fuel. Although for a given compression ration the Otto cycle has higher efficiency, because the diesel engine can be operated to higher ratio, the engine can actually have higher efficiency than the Otto cycle when both are operated at compression ratios that might be achieved in practice

OTTO CYCLE The Otto cycle is a set of processes used by spark ignition internal combustion engines (2-stroke or 4-stroke cycles). These engines a) ingest a mixture of fuel and air, b) compress it, c) cause it to react, thus effectively adding heat through converting chemical energy into thermal energy, d) expand the combustion products, and then e) eject the combustion products and replace them with a new charge of fuel and air. The different processes are shown in Figure 1. Intake stroke, gasoline vapor and air drawn into engine (5 à 1). 2. Compression stroke, p, T increase (1 à 2). 3. Combustion (spark), short time, essentially constant volume (2 à 3). Model: heat absorbed from a series of reservoirs at temperatures T2 to T3. 4. Power stroke: valve opens, gas escapes. 5. Valve exhaust: valve opens, gas escapes. 6. (4 à 1) model: rejection of heat to reservoirs at temperatures T4 and T1. 7. Exhaust stroke, piston pushes remaining products out of chamber (1 à 5

How the braking system works in  Basics Dual-circuit braking system A typical dual-circuit braking system in which each circuit acts on both front wheels and one-rear wheel.... How the charging system works in  Basics An alternator Inside an alternator the belt-driven rotor becomes an electromagnet when current is fed to it. As the rotor... How the starting system works in  Basics Inertia system An inertia type starter: this one is an 'inboard' type in which the Bendix gear throws the pinion... How an engine cooling system works in  Basics How the coolant circulates A typical water-cooling system with an engine-driven fan: note the bypass hose taking off hot coolant... How car heating and ventilation systems work in  Basics A typical car heating system A modern car has a ventilation system that provides a constant through-flow of fresh air,... The engine in  Basics Different engine layouts The simplest and m

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                                  TWO STROKE ENGINE The two stroke engine employs both the crankcase and the cylinder to achieve all the elements of the Otto cycle in only two strokes of the piston. Intake The fuel/air mixture is first drawn into the crankcase by the vacuum that is created during the upward stroke of the piston. The illustrated engine features a poppet intake valve; however, many engines use a rotary value incorporated into the crankshaft. Crankcase compression During the downward stroke, the poppet valve is forced closed by the increased crankcase pressure. The fuel mixture is then compressed in the crankcase during the remainder of the stroke. Transfer/Exhaust Toward the end of the stroke, the piston exposes the intake port, allowing the compressed fuel/air mixture in the crankcase to escape around the piston into the main cylinder. This expels the exhaust gasses out the exhaust port, usually located on the opposite side of the cylinder

Four stroke engine Four Stroke Engine A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle ) is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes which comprise a single thermodynamic cycle. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. While risqué slang among some automotive enthusiasts names these respectively the "suck," "squeeze," "bang" and "blow" strokes. [1] they are more commonly termed INTAKE: this stroke of the piston begins at top dead center. The piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, increasing the volume of the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. COMPRESSION: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air or fuel-air mixture into the cylinder he